The thought of the integrated circuit was first conceived by a radar scientist working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence, Geoffrey W.A. Dummer. Dummer introduced the primary public description of an built-in circuit on the Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Components in Washington, D.C. At the University of Manchester, a staff underneath the management of Tom Kilburn designed and built a machine utilizing the newly developed transistors as a substitute of valves.
